Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology

Question: Discuss about the Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. Answer: Introduction: A small group of neurons secretes Neuromodulators, and they diffuse in large areas of the nervous system having an effect on a variety of neurons. They ensure that a particular neuron releases chemicals to regulate different groups of neurons, a process known as neuromodulator. Serotonin, histamine, and dopamine are some of the major neuromodulators in the central nervous system. These processes are quite significant for instance, dopamine reuptake inhibitors ensure blockage of the dopamine transporter and are thus used in the treatment of conditions such as depression and narcolepsy (Paice, 2007). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors enhance the effect of a released serotonin by preventing its removal from the given synapses and are used to treat depression as well. Notably, neuromodulator is a type of treatment where direct administration of medication into the nervous system occurs. This is meant to regulate a particular cells activity with the aim of controlling pain. It is a subset of neurotransmission but differs in the way the neuromodulators are released. During neuromodulator, a whole neural tissue is subjected to the neuromodulators activity due to exposure. In neurotransmission, however, the release happens at a specific synapse. Importantly, neuromodulator does not carry the excitation of the inhibition from one neuron to the next, but it alters either the synaptic or cellular properties of the neurons. The process can be used to treat spasticity, epilepsy, movement disorders, and pain syndromes. As Ma, Chiravuri, Xing, (2015) observes, pain occurs in approximately 70 percent of cancer patients and about 65 percent of non-malignant disease patients. For this reason, there has been advent of various treatment to relieve the patients of this pain. The various treatments for acute pain include use of morphine, aspirin, and paracetamol or acetaminophen in the United States. Morphine is a narcotic or opioid analgesic that aids in regulating acute pain. Morphine, being very addictive should be taken in small quantities and only as prescribed by the doctor. However, those with asthma, breathing problems or have had a blockage in their intestine or stomach are advised never to take morphine as it could stop or slow down ones breathing. Morphine could be taken orally, rectally or via injection which has an instant effect thus inducing pain. Generally, it takes an average of fifteen to sixty minutes for the effects of morphine to occur. This opioid could be used to help in severe arthritis and lower back pains. Conclusively, morphine can work for everyone as a pain reliever but differently depending on dosage. People who have a high tolerance for opioid will take higher amounts compared to the one with a lower tolerance. However, Price, (2013) advises that the use of morphine for most cases should be the last option as there are much more and simpler methods to relieve pain. Again, the use of morphine has very adverse side effects which include vomiting, sedation, nausea, constipation and urinary retention. References Lewis, T. (2010). Sensory systems: Types of pain. Pain., 33-48. doi:10.1037/13987-003 Ma, L., Chiravuri, S., Xing, Z. (2015). Perioperative Pain Control in Patients Receiving Intrathecal Morphine Infusion for Chronic Pain: Does it Matter how we do it?Journal of Pain Relief,04(06). doi:10.4172/2167-0846.1000213 Neuromodulators. (2011).Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology,1755-1755. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_5009 Neuromodulators For Pain Management In Rheumatoid Arthritis. (2012).Journal of Pain Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy,26(2), 172-172. doi:10.3109/15360288.2012.687948 Paice, J. A. (2007). Supplement: Advances in Opioid Management: Evaluation and Treatment of Persistent Pain Disorders. Pain Management Nursing, 8(3). doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2007.07.004 Price, D. D. (2013). First and Second Pain Assessment (First Pain, Pricking Pain, Pin-Prick Pain, Second Pain, Burning Pain).Encyclopedia of Pain,1288-1293. doi:10.1007/978-3-642- 28753-4_1509